Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, Third Edition (2013) / Chapter Skim
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1. User's Guide 2.
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Organization of Chapter 2. www.ntdprogram.gov www.apta.com Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 1.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition 2. TRANSIT MODES BUS TRANSIT Overview The bus is the most commonly used form of public transport in North America.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition The combination of vehicle size and power source affects a bus' acceleration characteristics, which impacts how quickly a bus can reach its cruising speed and its overall average speed. Chapter 6, Bus Transit Capacity, provides information about the acceleration characteristics of selected bus types in Exhibit 6-2.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Bus Type (a) Standard low-floor (c)
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Exhibit 2-4 Bus Submodes Illustrated Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition Bus Submodes Bus transit is operated by rubber-tired passenger vehicles that operate over roadways with fixed routes and schedules. For the purposes of NTD reporting, the Federal Transit Administration (FTA)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition DEMAND-RESPONSIVE TRANSIT Overview Demand-responsive transit (DRT) is a form of public transportation characterized by flexible routing and scheduling of small to medium-size vehicles (Exhibit 2-5)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition service to other transit modes ("many-to-one")
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition layout. Transit agencies may operate DRT or other flexible services during low-demand time periods, substituting for fixed-route transit when ridership levels do not justify fixed-route/fixed-schedule service.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Technology The technology used by transit agencies that provide DRT service includes traditional information technology, defined as computer-based information systems, communications technology such as the Internet and cell phones, as well as advanced systems designed specifically for demand-responsive transportation. These technology applications may help improve service on the street, enable an increase in productivity, and improve customer service.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition ADA Paratransit Description In urban areas with fixed-route service, ADA complementary paratransit is the predominant public DRT service. The ADA requires any public transit agency-urban or rural-that provides fixed-route service to also provide ADA complementary paratransit to "ADA paratransit eligible individuals," defined as individuals whose disabilities, permanent or temporary, prevent their access to and/or independent use of the fixed-route service.
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http://www.fta.dot.gov /12325 3891.html Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition While the ADA essentially defines several service measures related to capacity constraints (e.g., on-time performance) and requires high standards of performance related to those measures, policies related to the measures (such as the length and definition of the on-time window)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition patterns, and traffic-congested streets with limited curbside parking for passenger boarding and alighting. Human Service Transportation Description and Applications Human service transportation is shared-ride, advance-scheduled transportation for users and clients of human service programs.
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ADA requirements for von pools can be satisfied by having a stand-by, wheelchairaccessible vehicle available to serve a person who wishes to join a van pool and who requires a wheelchairaccessible van. Not all vans need be wheelchair-accessible.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition transit submodes-heavy rail, light rail, commuter rail, and automated guideway transit (AGT)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Using trains of up to 11 cars running frequently, heavy rail systems can serve very high volumes of passengers, and are thus the dominant transit mode in the largest metropolitan areas in North America and in many other metropolises worldwide. Loading and unloading of passengers at stations is rapid due to level access and multiple double-stream doors.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition heavy rail trains operating at short headways provide capacity unmatched by any other rail transit mode, providing the means to develop and serve the extremely dense downtowns of the largest cities. Light Rail Definition and Applications Light rail transit, often known simply as LRT, began as an evolutionary development of the streetcar to allow higher speeds and increased capacity.
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Exhibit 2-7 Light Rail Examples Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition (a) High-floor light rail (Denver)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition resembles an old-style interurban line in route structure, with a few closely spaced stops in Trenton and Camden and more widely spaced stops at the towns in between. All three connect with high-capacity transit services at one or both ends of the line.
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Exhibit 2-8 Commuter Rail Examples Multiple-unit cars are self-propelled, as opposed to needing a locomotive to provide power. Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition (a)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition or some can be unpowered "trailer" cars that must be operated in combination with powered cars. Electric multiple-unit cars are used extensively in the New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago regions, and the entire SEPT A regional rail system in Philadelphia is electrified.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Automated Guideway Transit Definition and Applications As their name indicates, AGT systems are completely automated (vehicles without drivers) , with personnel limited to a supervisory role.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition (a) Airport shuttle (Newark)
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Exhibit 2-11 Funicular and Elevator Examples Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition Funiculars, Inclines, and Elevators Funicular railways (Exhibit 2-11 ) , also known as inclined planes or simply inclines, are among the oldest successful forms of mechanized urban transport in the United States, with the first example, Pittsburgh's Monongahela Incline, opening in 1870 and still in operation today.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition industrial plants, particularly dams and hydroelectric power plants, and occasionally, ski resorts. New funiculars, primarily in Europe, also provide subway or metro station access.
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Exhibit 2-12 Aerial Ropeway Examples Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition (a) Aerial tramway (Portland)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Applications Aerial ropeways are most often associated with ski areas, but are also used to carry passengers across obstacles such as rivers or narrow canyons, and as aerial rides over zoos and amusement parks. Two aerial tramways are used for urban public transportation in the U.S.-New York City's Roosevelt Island Tram and the Portland Aerial Tram-and gondola systems are used internationally in such cities as Medellin, Caracas, Rio de Janeiro, and Algiers (26)
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Cable-hauled automated people movers often use technology adapted from cable cars and aerial ropeways. The Staten Island Ferry carries more passengers per day than many rail lines.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition routes with significant commuter ridership operated on Puget Sound. Many of the Puget Sound routes also carry vehicles, including King County Metro buses on one route.
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Exhibit 2-14 Ferry Vessel Types Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition Coastal Services Coastal ferries provide intercity and interisland trips on salt water and large freshwater lakes, such as the Great Lakes. Travel times are typically in the range of one to a few hours, but can be fairly short for service to nearby islands, or more than 1 day (e.g., some of the Alaska Marine Highway routes)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition (height of the main deck above the water)
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One mile of street, roadway, or tracks with transit service in two directions equals two directional route miles (regardless of the actual number of routes operated over the section)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition (a) Bus (Los Angeles)
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The dynamic envelope is the space that may be occupied by a rail vehicle due to, among other things, its lateral motion. Exhibit 2-17 Potential Enforcement Issues with Semi-exclusive and Exclusive Lanes Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition Restricting non-transit use of a facility to certain classes of vehicles-typically carpools, taxis, or bicycles-often reflects a political compromise, where priority is given to certain desired travel modes, with the intent to use the lane as efficiently as possible, without having too much effect on transit operations.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition EXCLUSIVE Exclusive transit facilities (Exhibit 2-18) are reserved for the exclusive use of transit vehicles, but allow other travel modes to cross the facility at controlled locations.
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Exhibit 2-19 Grade-Separated Operation Illustrated Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition GRADE SEPARATED Grade-separated transit facilities (Exhibit 2-19) are reserved for the exclusive use of transit vehicles.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 4. SERVICE PATTERNS FIXED ROUTE Fixed-route services are provided along a designated route and are operated at set times or headways.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition Express Express services emphasize speed over access and are often used for longerdistance trips. Transit vehicles provide local service near the end points of the route (sometimes with only one pickup point, as with park-and-ride based commuter bus service)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition Exhibit 2-21 shows an example of this model in a light rail context. Three light rail lines from Portland's eastern suburbs and the region's airport converge into a trunk corridor that proceeds west toward downtown.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition Exhibit 2-22 Trunk-and-Branch BRT Route Design (Brisbane) CD ~ BUZ network map ~ t)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition A variation of feeder service is a grid route network where, for example, a series of north-south routes intersect an east-west corridor. The north-south routes serve destinations along the street, as well as providing connections to the east-west corridor and to other east-west routes.
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Portland, Oregon is an example of a hybrid network. Edmonton and Omnitrans (San Bernardino area)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition DEMAND RESPONSIVE DRT and its related flexible services are provided in response to a passenger request for a trip. DRT services-such as those discussed earlier in this chapter-provide flexible scheduling along with flexible routing within the constraints of the trip pattern (e.g., many-to-few)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition the fixed-route network, but also provides local transportation within the defined zone. Generally, a large percentage of DRT connector trips begin or end at the designated transfer points.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition service is one of the least common. One application is in rural Washington State, where the service involves one trip per day that leaves the main small city in the county and provides drop-offs and pick-ups within a demand-response corridor that is defined by the road network and natural barriers.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition hour, which allows for considerable deviation capability, to only 2.5 min each hour, which gives very limited time for deviations (8)
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition pedestrian accessibility from the main transit route. The request stop flexibility allows the transit system to better serve those destinations, with more direct service for the riders.
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Exhibit 2-26 DART Criteria for Fixed-Route and DRT Service Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition demand in a given service area, thus improving performance and sustainability. RTD operates a variety of DRT services.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 5.
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3'd Edition 13. Carini, S., L
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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual, 3rd Edition 26. Centre d'etudes sur les reseaux, les transports, l'urbanisme et les constructions publiques (CERTU)
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